Should The Prison Reform Be Used As A Last Resort

The percentage of women in prison, have increased over the years. Trusts such as the Prison Reform Trust, have a strong belief that prison should be used as a last resort. This dissertation will look to examine the main reasons behind the increase of female offenders in prison. It will also look to argue that in most cases, alternative sentences should be considered, rather than enforcing the custodial sentence. In March 2007, The Corston review, was publishes by Baroness Corston, regarding a review of women with vulnerabilities in the criminal justice system. The Corston review recommended that the custodial sentence should been forced to women, whose crimes are serious, and to those who are unable to serve their sentence in the community. In addition, the time women spend in prison has led to increased expenses for the public and government. The research of this dissertation will be based on the question, what are the alternatives to the custodial sentence, for women offenders? The question will then go on to examine main reasons to why women offend, and why the number of women in prison has increased over the last decade. The research conducted, will seek to congregate a variety of discussions to find out if alternative sentences could be more appropriate for women. In addition to discussing alternative sentences, a review on the different types of women prisons that are operating, will also be briefly discussed. In addition, the opinions of media groups, politiciansShow MoreRelatedSocial Welfare Policy Reading Essay : Solitary Confinement Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagesdevastating consequences of the use of solitary confinement in prisons. Studies show that the method of solitary confinement has the potential to lead to severe psychological effects on prison inmates. To address the consequences of solitary confinement in the U.S. federal prison system, President Obama directed Attorney General Loretta E. Lynch as well as the Justice Department to review and analyze the overuse of solitary confinement in U.S. prisons. Six months later, on January 25th, 2016, President ObamaRead MorePunishment And The Abolition Of Imprisonment1650 Words   |  7 Pageshave not been rehabilitated or recovered after their imprisonment. To an extent, imprisonment is unsuccessful in preventing reoffending or assisting the offender’s progress to recovery and adaptation into society. Elements of sentencing purposes, prison circumstances and culture, and whether the abolishment of imprisonment would be beneficial underlines imprisonment still plays a crucial role in the criminal justice system (Humphreys, 2006, pp.119-120). In order to be effective imprisonment likeRead MoreSolitary Confinement Is The Violation Of Rights Essay1563 Words   |  7 Pagesbecame a critical issue in the Geneva Conventions. In particular, the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War defined how prisoners of war should be treated in the same manner as civil prisoners, while outlining the human rights for all prisoners (The United Nations, 1949). Solitary confinement was viewed as legal, but used sparingly. It would take several decades and numerous studies on the effects of solitary confinement for global leaders to condemn this practice. The UnitedRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding1395 Words   |  6 Pagesthe criminal justice system is prison overcrowding. To examine a nation’s soul, all one has to do is look inside of its prisons. Even though we have 5 percent of the world’s population we have 25 percent of the world’s prison population. The makeup of our prison populat ion range from first time drug offenders to serial killers. Prisons serve a necessary function in society if used properly to keep the worst of the worst of the streets. In the last 40 years prisons has become a hammer where everyRead MoreThe Purposes of Sentencing Essay examples988 Words   |  4 Pagesthat offenders should be punished for committing a crime, but would not punish someone who was forced to commit a cri-me, i.e. duress. It can be sometimes be viewed as a ‘revenge’ or ‘an eye for an eye‘. It is based on the principle of â€Å"let the punishment fit the crime†. This aim does not reducing crime or changing the offenders future behaviour. Punishment is provided through imprisonment and in some cases a fine may be given.However, giving a fine could in effect cause a prison sentence for theRead MorePrison Overcrowding2966 Words   |  12 Pagesâ€Å"Prison Overcrowding: Using Proposals from Nevada and California to Recommend an Altern ative Answer† By: Casey Apao For: Dr. Sarri CSN Fall 2010 Dedication: â€Å"I, the undersigned, Casey Apao hereby certify that without the assistance of Henry Apao this Critical Thinking Scientific Paper wouldn’t be done.† Signed , Casey Apao Disclaimer: â€Å"I, Casey Apao hereby certify that this Critical Thinking Scientific Paper is the result of my sole intellectualRead MoreSolitary Confinement Is A Form Of Imprisonment1707 Words   |  7 Pagescontact, though often with the exception of members of prison staff. Does being locked away for an extended period of time in isolation actually reform a person? Putting people in solitary does more harm than good. Solitary has many long term effects on people, it violates many human rights, and when they get out they are are worse off than when they went in. Solitary confinement is occasionally used in most prison systems as a means to maintain prison order. Mainly for disciplinary punishment, or as aRead MoreWhat Makes A Breach Of Law An Act Of Civil Disobedience?1383 Words   |  6 PagesThese are the basic questions that are asked when dealing with civil disobedience. According to John Rawls, civil disobedience is a nonviolent breach of laws by the public in order to reform or change laws or government policies. But Rawls’ concept of civil disobedience is too narrow. This raises many questions. Why should civil disobedience be non-violent? Why does the public play a large role in civil disobedience? This paper will touch upon four main sections, the definition of civil disobedienceRead MoreThe Need for Prisons in Britain Essay2046 Words   |  9 PagesThe Need for Prisons in Britain The prison population in England and Wales currently stands at 71,800. According to the Home Office estimate this figure is projected to rise to 83,500 by 2008. Similarly in Scotland, which has a separate legal system and its own private service, there are similar pressures. Prisons can be successful in their four aims: retribution, protection, deterrence and rehabilitation. Reconviction rates are at a substantial low, but is that enoughRead MorePositive And Negative Impacts Of The Correctional System1514 Words   |  7 PagesStates, segregation in prison all create an environment that offenders have to live. With no option to leave by choice when oppressed by the system more than they should have to be what does this say about the United States. We elect people to come up with beneficial policies to make the correctional system better, for our pockets, and for returning citizens. Correctional facilities are not meant to house offenders forever. The conditions they live in during their stay should not negatively impact

The North American Free Trade Agreement. One Of The Major

The North American Free Trade Agreement One of the major keys to having two or more parties successfully trade and invest with each other is the ability to make agreements peacefully and come to similar terms. Many times, people would like to trade goods and services, but cannot agree on the terms each other have made. This can obviously cause many problems with trading and is the reason many deals do not go through, which can impact not only the people involved, but many more people very negatively. This is why agreements are so important in today’s world, and the North American Free Trade Agreement is no exception. What is the North American Free Trade agreement, also known as NAFTA? The definition, according to naftanow.org, is a†¦show more content†¦marketplace, and a market that is driven more by supply and demand. NAFTA has many components. Some of these include tariff elimination for qualifying products, Elimination of nontariff barriers by the year 2008, tariff reduction for motor vehicles and auto parts, expanded telecommunications trade, reduced textile and clothing barriers, more free trade in agriculture, Mexican import licenses should be gotten rid of, expanded trade in financial services, opening of insurance markets, increased investment opportunities, liberalized regulation of land transportation, and many more according to inc.com/encyclopedia. All these components help make trading between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico simpler and more efficient. The Trade Agreement has provided North America with many benefits. One of them is NAFTA quadrupled trade. According to Kimberly Amadeo, â€Å"from 1993-2015, trade between the three members quadrupled, from $297 billion to $1.14 trillion. That boosted economic growth, profits, and jobs for all three countries. It also lowered prices for co nsumers.† The trade pushed this all to happen because it eliminated the tariffs and made it easier for the North American countries to come together and trade. NAFTA also helps the three countries by lowering the prices on exported goods. The United States imported 144 billion dollars of oil which isShow MoreRelatedThe North American Free Trade Agreement Essay1420 Words   |  6 Pagesheard very little of substance from both parties, but one thing both parties seem to agree on is that free trade has been bad for the U.S. worker. One candidate proclaimed that the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has cost the United States hundreds of thousands of jobs and another distanced herself from free trade agreements all together. It has been over twenty years since the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement and many have criticized it as a bad deal for theRead MoreFree Trade And Trade Agreements1408 Words   |  6 PagesFree Trade Free trade is a policy in which the government does not interfere against imports or impedes with exports by applying tariffs (Encyclopedia, 2015). Free trade is about removing barriers like tariffs, quotas, and other restrictions. Tariffs are taxes that the countries enforce on imported goods and services, they are set in place to make trade harder. This ultimately causes the price of goods and services for consumers to be more expensive. Quotas are a limited quantity countries putRead MoreEssay On Nafta1182 Words   |  5 PagesKey term As a result of extensive research on various topics, the one area there has been on the rise and is subject to further debate and analysis is the North American free trade agreement. This particular treaty is of interest owing to the current globalization that is fast consuming economies across the world as well as the change in leadership in the three countries involved. As a result, this essay takes into account the current economic state of the world about the increased competition;Read MoreThe United States And Nafta1299 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity of Baltimore â€Æ' The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was designed to create trade that was mutually beneficial for all North American countries. Yet a recent change in the U.S. administration has threatened continued trade between the three major players – the U.S, Canada and Mexico. New President Donald J. Trump’s promises to renegotiate NAFTA have both Canada and Mexico on edge, and without stability, can possibly force Mexico to opt out of the agreement altogether. While NAFTARead MoreIs Free Trade a Necessity for Aiding Worldwide Economic Development?1539 Words   |  6 Pagestransactions of imports and exports are essential, is free trade a necessity for aiding worldwide economic development? At least John F. Kennedy thought so, he being the initiator of removing tariffs and other limitations on U.S. imports. His hypothesis was that by doing that, other nations would follow Americas example and leadership. This is not a new notion either, nor is it confined to America n Presidents. No nation was ever ruined by trade, stated Benjamin Franklin in the 18th century. FranklinsRead MoreEssay on Who Did NAFTA Benefit The Most?896 Words   |  4 Pagesreached an agreement on trilateral trade ― the North American Free Trade Agreement. Commonly referred to as NAFTA, it came into effect on the first day of 1994. Covering 450 million of population and reaching $17 trillion in combined GDP, NAFTA proudly ranks the first among the world’s free trade agreements (USTR). It is usually seen as a remarkable success for the countless benefits it brings to its members. Some of NAFTA’s main advantages are promoting closer relationships, eliminating trade barriersRead MoreThe Role Of Regional Integration Essay1476 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Business as pertaining to our topic describes changes in our worlds economy that result from dramatically increased internationational trade and cultural exchange. This paper will analyze the role of NAFTA (N orth American Free Trade Agreement) in promoting global business. Besides NAFTA, regional integrations such as: EU, APEC, ASEAN, CAFTA, or others may be discussed for the purpose of comparing advantages and disadvantages of regional integration. Also discussed will be the economic developmentRead MoreFree Trade Agreements And Its Effects On Latin American Nations1187 Words   |  5 PagesFree-Trade Agreements are entered into by parties expecting to mutually benefit from the terms of the agreement. Over the course of the past three decades the United States has entered into numerous Free-Trade agreements, most notably with nations throughout the Latin American region. Latin American countries are geographically and economically similar to the U.S., which makes them valuable partners in furthering America’s global initiatives. The United States has seen considerable economic returnsRead MoreWho Did NAFTA Benefit the Most?920 Words   |  4 Pagesreached an agreement on trila teral trade ― the North American Free Trade Agreement (Scaliger). Commonly referred to as NAFTA, it came into effect on the first day of 1994. Covering 450 million people and reaching $17 trillion in combined GDP, NAFTA proudly ranks the first among the world’s free trade agreements (USTR). It is usually seen as a remarkable success for the countless benefits it brings to the member countries. The goal of NAFTA was to promote closer trade relationships, eliminate trade barriersRead MoreThe Problems with NAFTA Not Helping Economies Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesThe Problems with NAFTA Not Helping Economies The free trade argument states that, if each nation produces what it does best and permits trade, over the long run all will enjoy lower prices and higher levels of output, income, and consumption that could be achieved in isolation. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), started in January of 1994, created a situation in North America in which there are no taxes on most products imported and exported between the three

My Dream Free Essays

My Dream Holiday My dream holiday doesn’t involve only one place but the whole world, because it is to tour the world’s most astonishing places. Firstly there’s Manhattan. New York. We will write a custom essay sample on My Dream or any similar topic only for you Order Now As one of the most popular tourist destinations and heavily populated places anywhere in the world, Manhattan offers something for everyone, including vast amounts beauty, irrelevant of what you consider to be beautiful. From the lush greenery and openness of Central Park to the awe-inspiring and breathtaking view from the top of the Rockefeller Centre to the iconic Statue of Liberty, it would be difficult for anyone to visit Manhattan and not find part of it stunning. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, that the area was mapped. Hudson came across Manhattan Island and the native people living there in 1609, and continued up the river that would later bear his name, the Hudson River, until he arrived at the site of present day Albany. Secondly there’s Ireland There’s one town in particularly which is a â€Å"must†. This town is called Killarney. It is located in the province â€Å"Munster† in Country Kerry. Its population was last taken in 2006 and found to be 16931 people. Killarney has featured prominently in early Irish history, with religious settlements playing an important part of its recorded history. Its first significantly historical settlement was the monastery on nearby Innis fallen Island found in 640ad by St. Finian the Leper, which was occupied for approximately 850 years. Thirdly there’s Meteora, Greece. The word â€Å"meteora† means â€Å"Suspended rocks†. The area of Meteora on the Greek mainland is a collection of six monasteries that were constructed on limestone rocks many centuries ago. The six monasteries includes â€Å"The Holy Monastery of Great Meteoron, Varlaam, Rousanou, St. Nicholas Anapausas, St. Stephen and The Monastery of the Holy Trinity. Their beautiful to look at both up close and from afar, each of the six Eastern Orthodox monasteries are still inhabited to this day. Then there’s the wondrous Creation located in Australia. The Great Barrier Reef. It is officially the largest reef system on earth. The Great Barrier Reef has almost 3,000 reefs encompassed within the 2,600 kilometer area of land that it covers. Although the Great Barrier Reef is clearly visible from space, it is when looking at it from underneath water when it truly appears to be beautiful and somewhat magical. Over 1,500 types of fish call the Great Barrier Reef home and in excess of 400 types of coral can be viewed in the area. Next on my list comes the extraordinary city, Venice. This is one of the most popular cities in Italy. Venice is known primarily for its canals, which provide both romantic and commuter travel within the city. There are, however, many other reasons why a visit to Venice is a must, notably some amazing feats of architecture. It seems as if every step you take, you will encounter some aspect of the city worth admiring. The major sights like the basilica and piazza of San Marco are perhaps the city’s most famous. There is however much more, but there’s always next time for the rest. How to cite My Dream, Papers

Taxation Law Alternative Assets Insights

Question: Describe about the Taxation Law for Alternative Assets Insights. Answer: Introduction: The taxation act of Australia was introduced by Queensland in the year 1902. In order to help the Australians First World War Federal income tax was introduced in the year 1915. It is the most important system to collect revenue from the individual of the country. The financial year or the assessment year in Australia starts from 1st July. 1: In the cited case Hilary by profession was the rock climber, agrees to sell her life details and pictures to the newspaper for ten thousand dollars. She has no experience of writing any stories in the past. To consider the fact of this case we should highlight the matter of Brent vs. FCT 1971. In this case, the wife of Biggs gave an interview to media, sold some of the pictures to them, and earned some cash on support of it. The money which she earned can be treated as a revenue income as per the act because the services were carried out by her for the organization. According to sec.26 (e) of Income Tax Act, any payment received on behalf of services rendered by an individual can be termed as an individual income. She did not draft the reports, which were occurred in the newspapers, the journalists built a report of her comments. She had given the ideas only. She received the amount by dedicating her seconds to the interviews. The news which she has was an asset for her and when s he disclose the news to the media it no longer remain secret, therefore, she lost her capital asset and the amount which she earned from them is to be treated as income from capital nature. In the cited problem, Hillary received money by disposing her life incidents to the media. The answer differs if she does not dispose her story to them. However, if she signs an agreement to sell her story in the near future she is doing a work for the company and receives money for her work. According to the definition, it is income for her, and, hence she is liable to pay tax. 2: In the given problem, the father has given forty thousand dollars to his son for clearing his loan. His son will give back to him$50,000 after certain years. To provide any conclusion for the problem, it is relevant to analyze the facts of the case Riches v Westminster Bank ltd; 1947 to provide any conclusion. As per the act, interest for withholding tax is to be charge @ 10% (according to Part III, Division 11A of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936). Assessable income of an individual includes the following: ncome which were earned from the deals outside the ordinary course of business Amount earned or received in the form of commission Value received in the form of dividends on business investments Amount which were earned outside Australia by an Australian resident income earned by pre-received or accrued interest on business investments, income earned from the payment of lease and hire charges Profit earned by disposing capital assets. In the given case, the amount earned by the person from his son somehow becomes a part of his total income, and, hence, to be treated as a taxable income. His son has cleared all the dues with an interest along with the principal amount within a period of 2 years by making only one receipt (cheque) for the payment, which includes the interest also. The act requires a person to maintain separate entries for interest and the principal amount so that taxation amount can be calculated more smoothly and accurately. The transaction will affect the total income of the guardians also. Therefore, the amount, which they acquired from their legal heir, has to be considered separately in their books. 3: According to Australian Income Tax Act, capital gain taxis the part of income tax act which can be ascertained by deducting the value of an asset and the actual amount of an asset, which is received by an individual while disposing it. If the amount of capital loss exceeds during the year the excess value of an asset can be carried forward for next assessment years. Assets such as residential buildings, motor-car which is used for private purpose are exempted from CGT. There are various methods to obtain capital gains: Discount method: the property which was possessed by an individual at least for a period of twelve months is eligible for it. As per the act, the slab rate of discount is 50% for individuals and 33.33%for the person who has superannuation funds. It can be calculated by deducting the cost base and capital loss from capital proceeds than the discount rate has to be deducted from the income. Indexation method: the property which was held by a person before September 21, 1999 can be calculated on the basis of indexation method. It can be calculated by applying the indexation factor and by deducting the amount of cost from capital proceeds. Other method: The assets which were acquired by an assessee at least for a period of six months are to be calculated by this method. It can be calculated by subtracting the cost base from capital proceeds. Exempted income under this category are as below: Any property held before pre CGT event i.e. before September 20, 1985, The asset held by an assessee as his main residence, Assets acquired for up to five hundred dollars which includes jewellery, stamps, etc., held for self Cars and other small motor vehicles, which has a carrying capacity of less than one tonne and less than nine passengers. Coverage for a damage which occurred on business premises or for personal damage. Profit and loss earned by disposing of bonds and notes at a discount will fall under ordinary income tax. Payments made under government policies. In the given problem, Scott bought a piece of land during the year 1980 and constructed a building on it during the year 1986. The total amount of land after construction is one hundred fifty thousand dollars. The owner used the property for the purpose of hiring and renting. Afterwards, he sold the asset at an auction for eight hundred thousand dollars. He earned a capital gain of six hundred fifty thousand dollars by selling his property. The person cannot claim for exemption under the head CGT because the property was used by him for renting purpose. Hence, the whole amount of the asset is chargeable under the head capital gains. Again, if the person sold this asset to his daughter than he can claim exemption on this asset. As per Gift Tax Act of Australia, the whole value can be exempted from his income. Again, if the caretaker of the asset was the company instead of individual and the company is associated with the renting and hiring business than the total income earned by capital gain can be set off under the head business from profit and gain. In the given case, the person is not eligible for exemption under the head capital gains. The tax rate will differ in each case. For individual the rate of tax lies in between 45% of his total income but for the company the effective rate is 30%. Therefore, to conclude we can say that the income tax law of a country helps the nation to earn revenue income, which can be use for the benefits of an individual only. Therefore, it is the duty of each individual to pay the tax accordingly. References: Barkoczy, S. (2016). Foundations of Taxation Law 2016.OUP Catalogue. Butler, D. (2016). Superanuation: $1.6 m balance cap examined-more tax on death benefits.Taxation in Australia,51(1), 41. Edmonds, M., Holle, C., Hartanti, W. (2015). Alternative assets insights: Super funds-tax impediments to going global.Taxation in Australia,49(7), 413. .Harding, M. (2013). Taxation of Dividend, Interest, and Capital Gain Income. Long, B., Campbell, J., Kelshaw, C. (2016). The justice lens on taxation policy in Australia.St Mark's Review, (235), 94. Morgan, A., Mortimer, C., Pinto, D. (2014). A Practical Introduction to Australian Taxation Law. Morse, S. C., Deutsch, R. (2016). Tax Anti-Avoidance Law in Australia and the United States. Palmer, T. (2013). UQ Library Guides: Taxation Law: Get started. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C., Pinto, D. (2016).Australian Taxation Law 2016. Oxford University Press.